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In this essay let us examine the various themes and determine which are dominant and which subordinate. An archetype criticism of othello, a play by william shakespeare. Ignoring her appeals for mercy and avowals of innocence, Othello smothers her moments before Emilia arrives with the proof of Desdemonas innocence and Iagos villainy. Is Othello or Hamlet better? The contrast is most pronounced from the beginning of the play to its conclusion, switching from being calm and peaceful to acts of uncontrolled venomous rage. Othello is the most painfully exciting and the most terrible. The term archetype can be traced to Plato (arche, original; typos, form), but the concept gained currency in twentieth-century literary theory and criticism through the work of the Swiss founder of analytical psychology, C. G. Jung (1875-1961). An archetype is universal; it is generated by man's psyche regardless of time of place. 125-126). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994. As Othello came to his breaking point, desdemona foreshadows her own death and he lets jealousy take over. James Baird, Jungian Psychology in Criticism: Theoretical Problems, Literary Criticism and Psychology (ed. In archetypal criticism, under the reductive method of analysis, a critic, while elucidating a text, moves from the particular truth to the general truth. What is a tragic hero and why is Othello considered one? As mine own face. A tragic hero has many characteristics, 3 of them being that they must have an error in judgement, they must have a reversal of fortune, and they must recognize that the reversal of fortune was brought about by their own actions. As Dian's visage, is now begrimed and black. Abstract. Source: Groden, Michael, and Martin Kreiswirth. Further, myth critics, aligned with writers in comparative anthropology and philosophy, are said to include Frazer, Jessie Weston, Leslie Fiedler, Ernst Cassirer, Claude Lvi-Strauss, Richard Chase, Joseph Campbell, Philip Wheelwright, and Francis Fergusson. Confirmation of this theory was Jungs reading of Faust: part 1 was psychological; part 2, visionary.. Of one that loved not wisely but too well, The Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism. Mythological literary critics look for archetypes, characters and/or symbols with traits that are seen throughout literature regardless of time or place. Even though Othello had a reputation as a hero, he ends up being one of the most gullible characters in the play when he completely falls into the evil trap that Iago set for him. These patterns include persistent images, figures, and story patterns shared by people across diverse cultures. 3. Let him command, And to obey shall be in me remorse, Patterns originate from the writer's . Othello is a complex play that deals with issues such as jealousy, gender, and race. The archetypal characteris a simple character template recognizable to all readers. For Jung, archetype is an explanatory paraphrase of the Platonic eidos (9, pt. Even French feminist Julia Kristeva has been brought to praise a Jungian contribution to feminist discourse on the maternal: recognition that the Catholic churchs change of signification in the assumption of the Virgin Mary to include her human body represented a major shift in attitude toward female corporaiity (113). "He is, in a sense, a 'self made man', the . According to Aristotle, a tragic protagonist is a nobleman or person from high status, who contributes to his own demise and illustrates a flaw or weakness in judgment. Van Meurss bibliography conveys the great variety of Jungian writings on literature even within one language, the increasingly recognized potential for further development and use of Jungs ideas, and the growth in numbers of literary scholars falling under the influence of Jung. Mythological critics compare one work to others with similar story . Home Drama Criticism Analysis of William Shakespeares Othello, By NASRULLAH MAMBROL on July 25, 2020 ( 0 ). By speaking of soul as a primary metaphor, rather than defining soul substantively and attempting to derive its ontological status from empirical demonstration or theological (metaphysical) argument, archetypal psychology recognizes that psychic reality is inextricably involved with rhetoric (Hillman, Archetypal 19). You know how looking at a math problem similar to the one you're stuck on can help you get unstuck? The formerly self-sufficient Othello has now staked his life to his faith in Desdemona and their union, and she has done the same. When he realizes the grave mistake he had made by taking an honest Desdemona's life he can no longer live with himself. To date, the British Journal of Analytical Psychology and the retitled American Spring: A Journal of Archetype and Culture are the best resources for archetypal criticism of literature and the arts even though only a small percentage of their published articles treat such topics. Macbeth) in the essay title portion of your citation. An equal case can be made that Iago here completes his role as Vice, borrowed from the medieval morality plays, sealing the Faustian bargain for Othellos soul in this mock or black marriage scene. Finally, Othello arrives giving him the opportunity to renew his marriage vows to Desdemona: It gives me wonder great as my content Frye's thesis in "The Archetypes of Literature" remains largely unchanged in Anatomy of Criticism. Othello is decisive, confident, and secure in his identity, duty, and place in the world. Both Desdemona and Othello defy by their words and gestures the calumnies heaped upon them by Roderigo and Brabantio and vindicate the imperatives of the heart over parental authority and custom. 1. Check out our Privacy and Content Sharing policies for more information.). But heres my husband; To learn more, read our. The romantic climax comes in the trial scene of act 1, in which Othello success-fully defends himself before the Venetian senate against Brabantios charge that Othello has beguiled his daughter, stoln from me, and corrupted / By spells and medicines bought of mountebanks. Calmly and courteously Othello recounts how, despite the differences of age, race, and background, he won Desdemonas heart by recounting the stories of his exotic life and adventures: She loved me for the dangers I had passed, / And I loved her that she did pity them. Wonder at Othellos heroic adventures and compassion for her sympathy have brought the two opposites togetherthe young, inexperienced Venetian woman and the brave, experienced outsider. Othello also matches Aristotle's ideas of tragic hero because our Othello realizes the error of his ways, causing us to feel sympathy for him. Here are some examples of archetype in Shakespearean works: Lover: Romeo ("Romeo and Juliet"), Juliet ("Romeo and Juliet"), Antony ("Antony and Cleopatra") Hero: Othello ("Othello"), Hamlet . The present essay, "Archetypes of Literature," is taken from the book. However, the Moor and Alfiero join forces to kill Disdemona, beating her to death with a stocking filled with sand before pulling down the ceiling on her dead body to conceal the crime as an accident. The next significant development in archetypal theory that affected literary studies grew out of the effort made by U.S.-born, Zurich-trained analyst James Hillman (b. Mythological Criticism and Archetypes BY: TO: AYTEKIN ALIYEVA Prof. SHAHIN KHALILLI. What bloody business ever. This is not a satisfactory frame of mind for an investigator, and it is certainly not an . To you, preferring you before her father, Archetypal school of literary criticism is a type of literary criticism that is concerned with recurring myths and archetypes in symbols, characters, actions, and situations within literary pieces. My soul hath content so absolute William Shakespeare utilized archetype frequently as a literary device in his plays. Othello, a play that was written in 1604 by William Shakespeare, is an example of a type of story called a tragedy. Throughout the course of the work, Othello proves himself to be very easily misled, despite his heroic status. Northrop Frye, however, further developed this theory in his book Anatomy of Criticism and later in his essay 'The Archetypes in Literature . Archetypal Literary Criticism. These patterns and themes, often referred to as archetypes, are believed to be present in the collective unconscious of all human beings . Then must you speak The Shakespearean tragedy Othello contains a number of themes; their relative importance and priority is debated by literary critics. Desdemona and Othello, therefore, face the usual challenges of the lovers in a Shakespearean comedy who must contend with the forces of authority, custom, and circumstances allied against their union. This burgeoning theoretical movement and the generally unsatisfying nature of so much early Jungian literary criticism are both linked to the problematic nature of Jungs own writing on literature, which comprises a handful of essays: The Type Problem in Poetry, On the Relation of Analytical Psychology to Poetry, Psychology and Literature, Ulysses: A Monologue, and Is There a Freudian Type of Poetry? These essays reveal Jungs lack of awareness as a reader despite his sense that they may show how ideas that play a considerable role in my work can be applied to literary material (Collected 15:109^. Unfortunately, this got the ball rolling for Othellos inevitable downfall. After the. Act 3, one of the wonders of the stage, anatomizes Othellos psychic descent from perfect contentment in his new wife to complete loathing, from a worldview in which everything is as it appears to one in which nothing is as it seems. Lon S. Roudiez, 1986); Estella Lauter and Carol Schreier Rupprecht, Feminist Archetypal Theory: Interdisciplinary Re-Visions of Jungian Thought (1985); Erich Neumann, Art and the Creative Unconscious: Four Essays (trans. William Shakespeare, born in the year 1564, is often considered to be one of the greatest, if not the greatest, writer in the English language. When you shall these unlucky deeds relate, Literary Archetypes The Legend of Sleepy Hollow The Loved One The Magus The Making of Americans The Man in the High Castle The Mayor of Casterbridge The Member of the Wedding The Metamorphosis The Natural The Plague The Plot Against America The Portrait of a Lady The Power of Sympathy The Red Badge of Courage The Road The Road from Coorain Another important influence was Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) who used the term archetype to what he called "primordial images". In Shakespeare's Othello, Iago is one of the most compelling villains in English literature. edmonton oilers jokes archetypal criticism in othello archetypal criticism in othello. The traits of the tragic hero lead the audience to feel compassion for the helpless victim. Othello: I greet thy love, Sign up When citing an essay from our library, you can use "Kibin" as the author. R. F. C. Hull, 2 vois., 1973-75). Within these three days let me hear thee say For Cassirer, reason alone cannot lead to truth, but mythical thinking which focuses on immediate experience is essential. That such a man should fall so far and so fast gives the play an almost unbearable momentum. 364-367). Aristotle believed that the plot is the most important element in a play and that plot also clearly points out the problem of any characters to be solved. Examples of Archetype in Shakespearean Works. : Feminist: Ex. The Fables of Identity: Studies in Poetic Mythology is a critical work published in 1963. But Jung's theory of the archetypes of the collective unconscious differs . Just another site. If we carefully examine the third scene in the third act, we can see how Othello fits into Aristotle's definition of tragic hero. This type of criticism was first experimented by Maud Bodkin, in his book Archetypal Patterns in Poetry (1934). Shakespeare often focuses his plays on human nature as well as fate, which Othellos fate ended in the tragic ending due to his reversal of fortune once the claims against Desdemona begin. That such a man should unravel so completely, ushered by jealousy and hatred into a bestial worldview that cancels any claims of human virtue and self-less devotion, shocks and horrifies. : In this quote, Othello is stating that his wife's supposed infidelity has ruined his name and turned it "black" and dirty like his own face, showing that a woman's fidelity was linked to a man's honor. archetypal criticism in othello america undercover life of crime Juni 12, 2022. used kawai upright piano . Speak of me as I am. Feminist archetypal theory, proceeding inductively, restored Jungs original emphasis on the fluid, dynamic nature of the archetype, drawing on earlier feminist theory as well as the work of Jungian Erich Neumann to reject absolutist, ahistorical, essentialist, and transcendentalist misinterpretations. Kibin, 2023, www.kibin.com/essay-examples/an-archetype-criticism-of-othello-a-play-by-william-shakespeare-yJF4zltX. However, Othello's words give a deeper insight into how he still misunderstands the situation. Othello is characterized by his plainspoken read analysis of Othello Iago Othello's disloyal standard-bearer and the villain of the play. But Wheelwright, for example, barely mentions Jung (The Burning Fountain, 1954), and he, Fergusson, and others often owe more to Sigmund Freud, Ernest Jones, Oedipus Rex, and the Oedipus complex than to anything taken from Jung. "Now will I question assio of ianca, As he shall smile, Othello shall go mad; . The tragic protagonist must make a fall from a high state of being to a low state or death. Kibin does not guarantee the accuracy, timeliness, or completeness of the essays in the library; essay content should not be construed as advice. Using an archetypal literary criticism, Harry Potter can be analyzed by focusing on different archetypes, such as, symbols, images, and character types in the text. Jung most frequently used myth (or mythologem) for the narrative expression, on the ethnological level (Collected 9, pt. At mid-century, Canadian critic Northrop Frye (1912-91) introduced new distinctions in literary criticism between myth and archetype. Herbert Read, Michael Fordham, and Gerhard Adler, 20 vois., 1953-79), Letters (trans. Following his anatomizing of the painfully introspective intellectual Hamlet, Shakespeare, at the height of his ability to probe human nature and to dramatize it in action and language, treats Hamlets temperamental oppositethe man of action. Othello relies easily on Iago to believe without being thought deeply. And concomitantly, on which of these levels was the reader affected? Toril Moi, trans. In Act 2, Scene 1 of Othello, Iago formulates his plan to drive Othello mad. Despite naively playing into Iago's hands earlier by giving him the handkerchief, Emilia shows her earnest loyalty to Desdemona. Egypt) and titles (e.g. Bibliography Bettina Knapps 1984 effort at an authoritative demonstration of archetypal literary criticism exemplified this pattern. An archetypal critic would suggest that all human experience is linked through literature and that this experience is expressed again and again using the same patterns throughout time and space. I took by th throat the circumcisd dog, If it were now to die In her final moments, Desdemona chooses not to blame Othello for her death because she saw that the honor of their love was more important than honesty. Desdemona replies that it was her fault: Nobody I myself. Othello: Damn her, lewd minx! Othello is a train wreck that the audience horrifyingly witnesses, helpless to prevent or look away. "An Archetype Criticism of Othello, a Play by William Shakespeare." This heuristic distinction was formed, however, solely on psychobiographical grounds: Did the text originate in, and remain principally shaped by, the authors experience of consciousness and the personal unconscious or his or her experience at the level of the archetypal collective unconscious? The critical annotations are astute and, given their brevity, surprisingly thorough and suggestive. Essays may be lightly modified for readability or to protect the anonymity of contributors, but we do not edit essay examples prior to publication. 2. They also attest to his self-confessed lack of interest in literature: I feel not naturally drawn to what one calls literature, but I am strangely attracted by genuine fiction, i.e., fantastical invention (Letters 1:509). Richer than all his tribe. Dramatically, Shakespeare turns the focus of the play from the shocking crime to its causes and psychic significance, trans-forming Cinthios intrigue story of vile murder into one of the greatest dramatic meditations on the nature of love and its destruction. Innocent characters also suffer, like Desdemona. (V.2.320-322) Giving up is hardly Othello's style, but this is how a noble and true man should react when he has mistakenly killed his wife. Come, go with me apart. Iago will direct the remainder of the play, constructing Othellos down-fall out of the flimsiest evidence and playing on the strengths and weaknesses of Othellos nature and the doubts that erode Othellos faith in Desdemona. Given this background, it is not surprising to find in a 1976 essay entitled Jungian Psychology in Criticism: Theoretical Problems the statement that no purely Jungian criticism of literature has yet appeared (Baird 22). (3.3.54) Ex. He sees it, in itself almost irresistible, aided at every step by fortunate accidents and the innocent mistakes of its victims. Seeing her dying, Emilia asks who would do this. Evil is displayed before him, not indeed with the profusion found in King Lear, but forming, as it were, the soul of a single character, and united with an intellectual superiority so great that he watches its advance fascinated and appalled. He has promoted Cassio to lieutenant while leaving Iago as ensign. Desperate to cling to the security of his former identity as a soldier while his current identity as a lover crumbles, Othello begins to confuse the one with the other. Peopleshow more content An outburst that othello has in a crowd of his peers causes people to start to question their noble leader. In his "The . while we are reading any of [Shakespeare's] great criminal characters - we think not so much of the crimes which they commit, as of the ambition, the aspiring spirit, the intellectual activity which prompts them to . Placing responsibility in the stars - he calls Desdemona an "ill-starred wench" - is hardly a gallant course of action. Issues of genre, period, and language were ignored or subjected to gross generalization as Jung searched for universals in texts as disparate as the fourth-century Shepherd of Hermas, the Divine Comedy, Francesco Colonnas Hypnerotomachia Poliphili (1499), E. T. A. Hoffmans tales, Pierre Benoits LAtlantide (1919-20), and Henry Wadsworth Longfellows Hiawatha, as well as works by Carl Spitteler and William Blake. An archetype is recurrent. must concern itself with the archetypal, the universal, with that which is necessarily larger, more extreme than in life. The tragic heros downfall, said Aristotle, was brought upon by some error of judgement. OTHELLO: My name, that was as fresh. The Women of Othello There are only three female characters in Othello, and each plays a critical role in Shakespeare's artfully crafted plot of jealousy and retribution. As scholar Edward Pechter has argued, During the past twenty-five years or so, Othello has become the Shakespearean tragedy of choice, replacing King Lear in the way Lear had earlier replaced Hamlet as the play that speaks most directly and powerfully to current interests.. In The Tragedy of Othello, Shakespeare details the story of a celebrated military hero who falls victim to the machinations of a conniving villain who goes by the name of Iago. The Critical Analysis Of A Novel: Atonement By Ian Mcewan Atonement by Ian McEwan is a literary masterpiece and a highly critically acclaimed novel. And despite frequently perceptive readings, the work is marred by the characteristic limitless expansionism and psychological utilitarianism of her interpretive scheme. Othello sends Emilia outside to guard the door. If Hamlet is a tragedy about youth, and Lear concerns old age, Othello is a family or domestic tragedy of a middle-aged man in which the fate of kingdoms and the cosmos that hangs in the balance in Hamlet and Lear contracts to the private world of a marriages destruction. The character of Iago is so conducted, that he is from the first scene to the last hated and despised. The tragic hero archetype is used in many different pieces of writing and with every character comes a different way of using it. Up until Act III Scene iii Othello, "noble Moor" is in an elated position and is very aware of his importance. Archetypal criticism, then, construed as that derived from Jung's theory and practice of archetypal (analytical) psychology, is a fledgling and much misconstrued field of inquiry with significant but still unrealized potential for the study of literature and of aesthetics in general. This article, then, treats the only form of literary theory and criticism consistent with and derived directly from the psychological principles advanced by Jung. He has already judged and condemned her, but he is still hunting evidence, seeking to justify to himself the stand he has already taken. The execution of his wit, hands, heart It has been mentioned earlier that pattern in literature refers to recurrent images, forms and words. We'll take a look right away. Two publishing events at the beginning of the 1990s in the United States may signal the coming of age of this kind of archetypal criticism through its convergence with postmodern critical thought, along with a commensurate insistence on its roots in the depth psychology of Jung: the reissue of Morris Philipsons 1963 Outline of a Jungian Aesthetic and the appearance of Karin Barnaby and Pellegrino DAcerinos multidisciplinary, multicultural collection of essays, C. G. Jung and the Humanities: Toward a Hermeneutics of Culture. This last text explicitly named the movement and demonstrated its appropriation of archetypal theory for feminist ends in aesthetics, analysis, art, and religion, as well as in literature. Othello is a man of high rank in Venice. For the fair devil. Categories: Archetypal Criticism, Literary Criticism, Literary Theory, Myth Criticism, Psychoanalysis, Tags: Achetypes, Alchemy of Discourse: An Archetypal Approach to Language, Anatomy of Criticism, Archetypal Criticism, Archetypal feminist criticism, Archetypal Patterns in Poetry, Archetypal Psychology, Archetypal Theory, Archetypal Theory and Criticism, Archetypal Theory Criticism, Claude Levi-Strauss, Ernst Cassirer, Evangelos Christou, Francis Fergusson, Frazer, Gilbert Durand, Henri Corbin, Hermes and His Children, Hillman, Imagining: A Phenomenological Study, J. G. Frazer, J. G. Frazer The Golden Bough, James Hillman, Jessie Weston, Joseph Campbell, Jung and the Humanities: Toward a Hermeneutics of Culture., Jung's Psychology of the Unconscious, Jungian Approach to Literature, Leslie Fiedler, Literary Criticism, Literary Theory, Logos of the Soul, Maud Bodkin, Myth, Myth theory and crticism, New Polytheism, Northrop Frye, Philip Wheelwright, Psychoanalysis, Rafael Lopez-Pedraza, Richard Chase, Spring Journal, Spring: A Journal of Archetype and Culture, Spring: An Annual of Archetypal Psychology and Jungian Thought, The Golden Bough, The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion, Alchemy of Discourse: An Archetypal Approach to Language. They were built to defen the city of Nicosia during the Otto-man Venetian war. The scapegoat is the character that gets blamed for everything regardless if he or she was actually the one who did or not (Archetypes). ("Literary Criticism.") You elements that clip us round about, With some of its advocates supported through early publication of their work in the journal Spring, feminist archetypal theory and criticism of literature and the arts emerged fullblown in three texts: Annis Pratts Archetypal Patterns in Womens Fiction (1981), which self-consciously evoked and critiqued Maud Bodkins 1934 text; Estella Lauters Women as Mythmakers: Poetry and Visual Art by Twentieth Century Women (1984); and Estella Lauter and Carol Schreier Rupprechts Feminist Archetypal Theory: Interdisciplinary Re-Visions of Jungian Thought (1985). This allows our team to focus on improving the library and adding new essays. Jung was also more preoccupied with dreams and fantasies, because he saw them as exclusively (purely) products of the unconscious, in contrast to literature, which he oddly believed, citing Joyces Ulysses as an example, was created in the full light of consciousness (15:123). And new theories increasingly give credence to the requirement, historically asserted by Jungian readers, that each text elicit a personal, affective, and not merely intellectual response. Altho a tragic ending it may be, Othello couldn't stand being a such a fool to have believed such lies about his one and only love. Instead, they blame him for his own ultimate ruin. Consistent with his role as guardian of order in the state, Othello carries out his own execution, by analogy judging his act as a violation reflected by Venices savage enemy: And say besides, that in Aleppo once, In Shakespeare's, An outburst that othello has in a crowd of his peers causes people to start to question their noble leader. The approaches of semiologists, structuralists and deconstructivists . No more of that. (2.1.191-93) Setting the scene. Misled by the handkerchief, his love token to Desdemona, that Iago has planted in Cassios room and by a partially overheard conversation between Iago and Cassio, Othello, by the end of act 3, forsakes his wife and engages himself in a perverse version of the marriage ceremony of act 2 to Iago. Archetypal criticism proceeds from the initial assumption that every work of literature can be categorized and fitted into a large framework that encompasses all literature. He is an individual of high stature who is destroyed by his surroundings, his own actions, and his fate. Frye, however, notably in Anatomy of Criticism, essentially redefined and relocated archetype on grounds that would remove him unequivocally from the ranks of Jungian critics by severing the connection between archetype and depth psychology: This emphasis on impersonal content has been developed by Jung and his school, where the communicability of archetypes is accounted for by a theory of a collective unconsciousan unnecessary hypothesis in literary criticism, so far as I can judge (m-12).